The concepts underlying land tenure are complex. Why Cognitive Interviewing around Land Tenure? and (ii) focus group discussions, which serve as a useful supplement to the in-depth interviews as they allow a group of respondents to talk through their interpretations of the questions, highlighting potential differences in understanding.
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In the companion guide for cognitive interviewing for the land tenure module, as seen in Figure 1, we recommend the implementation of: (i) individual in-depth interviews, which includes administration of the land tenure module questions themselves plus predetermined probing questions aimed at determining how understandable the questions were, what the respondent’s attitude was towards a particular question, the potential difficulties in answering the questions, etc. It is implemented in advance of survey fieldwork to allow time for questionnaire modifications, as needed. However, revisions to this particular questionnaire module should be aimed at minor adaptations for the context and translation, as the questionnaire has been carefully designed to meet the needs of the SDGs.Ĭognitive interviewing typically entails a small number of intensive, focused in-depth interviews and discussions aimed at uncovering respondents’ cognitive processes associated with specific survey questions. By implementing a cognitive interviewing phase prior to the implementation of the land tenure module, practitioners can, in a cost-effective manner, ensure the module is properly designed, translated, and implemented for the specific context. This companion guide facilitates cognitive interviewing in preparation for the implementation of the questionnaire module on measuring land tenure at the individual level for monitoring SDGs 1.4.2 and 5.a.1 (FAO, World Bank, and UN-Habitat, 2019). The recently published Companion Guide for Cognitive Interviewing guides survey practitioners in implementing cognitive interviewing specifically related to individual land tenure rights, based on experience in Armenia. In this context, cognitive interviewing can be a powerful tool to assess how well and how consistently respondents are understanding survey questions and concepts, ultimately allowing practitioners improve questionnaire design. However, survey respondents’ understanding of these questions, and the variation in that understanding, is often unknown. Bringing reliable, affordable and clean power to those now in need of it is the single best way to fight poverty across the world, while also having a positive impact on the climate.Surveys around the globe are used to measure specific outcomes, relying on carefully crafted questions to capture very precise concepts. Still, the collective efforts of the international community remain too slow and incremental. Governments and philanthropic groups increasingly recognize the ties between poverty, a lack of access to energy and climate change. That is why it is imperative that energy access is designed with climate-smart energy systems and technologies that are built for the future. The climate crisis threatens to undo decades of global progress in reducing poverty. Innovation and the changing economics of renewable and distributed systems have not only aligned the goals of clean energy production with ending poverty, but have made them mutually reinforcing through the pursuit of inclusive economic development and combating climate change. However, breakthroughs in distributed and renewable energy have made it possible to provide clean, reliable energy access to all, while limiting future greenhouse gas emissions. Until recently, there has been an assumed trade-off between increasing energy access and fighting climate change. Even with the current rate of growth in power distribution, 650 million people will still lack access to electricity by 2030 – the vast majority of them in Sub-Saharan Africa. And yet, more than 840 million people still live without access to power and hundreds of millions more suffer frequent outages.
Electricity, in other words, is the foundation on which modern communities and businesses run and thrive.